Aufgaben von Sicherheitsmitarbeitern in der Bahnsicherheit
Die Sicherheit im öffentlichen Verkehr, insbesondere im Bereich der Bahnen und Bahnhöfe, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Gewährleistung eines reibungslosen und sicheren Personen- und Gütertransports (Schienenverkehr). In diesem Artikel werden die vielfältigen Aufgaben von Sicherheitsmitarbeitern in der Bahnsicherheit beleuchtet, wobei auch die damit verbundenen Gefahren, Bedrohungen und Risiken sowie die erforderlichen Fähigkeiten und persönlichen Eigenschaften für eine erfolgreiche Tätigkeit in diesem Bereich diskutiert werden.
Aufgaben der Sicherheitsmitarbeiter in der Bahnsicherheit
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter in der Bahnsicherheit übernehmen eine breite Palette von Aufgaben, die dazu dienen, die Sicherheit von Passagieren, Personal und Eigentum zu gewährleisten. Dabei sind städtische Bahnhöfe teilweise Kriminalitätsschwerpunkte. Zu den Hauptaufgaben gehören:
1. Überwachung und Prävention
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sind dafür verantwortlich, verdächtige Aktivitäten zu erkennen und zu überwachen, um das Hausrecht durchzusetzen, die Einhaltung der Beförderungsbedingungen in den Reisezügen zu gewährleisten und auch Straftaten wie Diebstahl, Vandalismus, Belästigung und Gewalttaten zu verhindern. Dies umfasst die regelmäßige Patrouille durch Bahnhöfe und Züge sowie die Beobachtung durch Überwachungskameras und die Bedienung weiterer Sicherheitssysteme. Die Präsenz von Sicherheitsmitarbeitern, auch als Ansprechpartner und Auskunftspersonen von Zuggästen, trägt wesentlich zu einem positiven Sicherheitsgefühl und auch zur Serviceorientierung des Auftraggebers/Bahnunternehmens bei.
2. Durchführung von Sicherheitskontrollen
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter führen Sicherheitskontrollen an Bahnhöfen und in Zügen durch, um verbotene Gegenstände wie Waffen, Drogen und verbotene oder verdächtige Gegenstände zu entdecken und dadurch Schäden abzuwenden. Einhergehend mit den rechtlichen Bestimmungen und Dienstanweisungen erfolgt dies in enger Abstimmung mit den Behörden wie der Bundespolizei. Nicht selten müssen Personen, die am Bahnhof unerwünscht sind oder die Betriebsabläufe stören, der Örtlichkeit verwiesen oder der Polizei übergeben werden. Im Rahmen der Rundgänge werden auch andere relevante Sachverhalte wie z.B. Störungen/Defekte, Verunreinigungen oder Gefahrenstellen gemeldet und Sofortmaßnahmen ergriffen.
3. Hilfeleistung und Konfliktmanagement
Im Falle von Notfällen, medizinischen Zwischenfällen oder Konfliktsituationen sind Sicherheitsmitarbeiter geschult, schnell zu reagieren und angemessene Unterstützung zu leisten. Dies kann die Bereitstellung von Erster Hilfe, die Evakuierung von Passagieren oder die Deeskalation von Konflikten zwischen Fahrgästen umfassen. Gerade im Bahnverkehr, wo viele Personen aufeinandertreffen und auch besondere Unfallrisiken (z.B. beim Ein- und Ausstieg) bestehen, sind Unfälle keine Seltenheit. Hinzu kommen Personen, die die Betriebsabläufe stören, sich selbst gefährden (Suizidabsicht, Drogenkonsum, etc.) oder andere durch kriminelle oder in seltenen Fällen gar terroristisch motivierte Taten bedrohen.
4. Kundenbetreuung und Information
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter stehen den Fahrgästen als Ansprechpartner zur Verfügung, um Fragen zu beantworten, Hilfe anzubieten und Informationen über Fahrpläne, Routen und Sicherheitsvorkehrungen bereitzustellen. Sie fungieren als wichtige Schnittstelle zwischen dem Bahnunternehmen und den Passagieren. Das Sicherheitspersonal ist damit auch ein Aushängeschild für die Bahngesellschaft. Entsprechend wichtig ist hier professionelles Handeln. Etwaige Fehltritte können dank Smartphone und Social Media schnell überregional große Aufmerksamkeit erregen und damit das Unternehmen in ein schlechtes Licht rücken. „Schwarze Sheriffs“ sind daher fehl am Platze.
5. Schutz Kritischer Infrastruktur und spezielle Aufgaben
Das Bahnnetz und die damit verbundenen Einrichtungen (z.B. Datenkommunikation, Zugbeeinflussungssysteme, Energieversorgung) sind Teil der Kritischen Infrastruktur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Tagtäglich verlassen sich Millionen Menschen auf den sicheren Transport und sind von diesem abhängig. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter übernehmen daher auch in der Konzernsicherheit wesentliche Aufgaben wie z.B. im Bedrohungsmanagement, in der Sicherheitstechnik, in Sicherheitszentralen und in leitenden Funktionen. Spezielle Aufgabengebiete im Bereich der Bahnsicherheit können auch die Tätigkeit in mobilen Unterstützungsgruppen sein, z.B. wenn Veranstaltungen wie Fußballspiele stattfinden, die Überwachung von Streckenabschnitten mittels Drohnen oder der Dienst als Hundeführer. Die Bahnsicherheit ist also sehr vielfältig und kann wesentlich mehr umfassen als nur den klassischen Sicherheits- und Ordnungsdienst (SOD) mit der Bestreifung von Bahnhöfen.
6. Berichterstattung und Zusammenarbeit mit Behörden
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sind verpflichtet, Vorfälle und verdächtige Aktivitäten zu dokumentieren und Berichte zu erstatten. Teilweise sind Bodycams im Einsatz, die die Situation auf Video aufzeichnen. Als Sicherheitsmitarbeiter in der Bahnsicherheit arbeiten Sie auch eng mit der Bundespolizei und anderen Sicherheitsbehörden zusammen, um zur Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen Sicherheit mit beizutragen. Gerade dieses Spannungsfeld aus Tätigkeit im Hausrechtsbereich und die Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der öffentlichen Sicherheit hat seinen Reiz, erfordert aber ein hohes Maß an Handlungssicherheit – auch in Bezug auf rechtliche Aspekte.
Gefahren und Risiken in der Bahnsicherheit
Die Arbeit in der Bahnsicherheit birgt – je nach Aufgabenbereich und Einsatzort – eine Reihe von Gefahren und Risiken, denen Sicherheitsmitarbeiter regelmäßig ausgesetzt sind:
1. Körperliche Gewalt und Aggression
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter können aggressiven oder gewalttätigen Passagieren gegenüberstehen, insbesondere in Konfliktsituationen oder bei der Durchsetzung von Sicherheitsmaßnahmen. Sie müssen in der Lage sein, mit solchen Situationen umzugehen und angemessen zu reagieren, ohne die Sicherheit anderer zu gefährden.
2. Risiko von Angriffen und Überfällen
Bahnhöfe und Züge sind oft belebte und öffentlich zugängliche Orte, an denen das Risiko von Überfällen, Diebstählen und anderen kriminellen Aktivitäten erhöht ist. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter müssen wachsam sein und proaktiv handeln, um solche Vorfälle zu verhindern oder zu unterbinden.
3. Gefahr von Terroranschlägen
Angesichts der aktuellen Sicherheitslage besteht auch die Gefahr terroristischer Anschläge auf Bahnhöfe oder Züge. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter müssen über entsprechende Schulungen und Protokolle verfügen, um auf verdächtige Aktivitäten hinzuweisen und im Ernstfall angemessen zu reagieren.
4. Arbeitsumgebung und Witterungsbedingungen
Die Arbeit in der Bahnsicherheit kann auch physische Herausforderungen mit sich bringen, wie z. B. das Arbeiten bei extremen Temperaturen, in engen oder überfüllten Räumen oder in abgelegenen Bereichen wie Bahnsteigen oder Tunneln.
Sturz- und Stolpergefahren sind alltäglich, im Bereich des Bahnverkehrs aber durchaus mit einem größeren Risiko verbunden als andernorts. Hinzu kommt neben der physischen Belastung (lange Laufwege, Schichtarbeit, etc.) auch durchaus eine psychische (Angst vor Übergriffen, Suizide, usw.). Last but not Least hat auch die Covid-19 Pandemie vor Augen geführt, wie schnell sich Viren und ansteckende Erreger ausbreiten können, wenn viele Menschen zusammen kommen.
Empfehlungen für Fähigkeiten und persönliche Eigenschaften
Um erfolgreich in der Bahnsicherheit zu arbeiten, sollten Sicherheitsmitarbeiter über folgende Fähigkeiten und persönliche Eigenschaften verfügen:
1. Kommunikationsfähigkeit
Gute und situationsgerechte Kommunikationsfähigkeiten sind entscheidend, um effektiv mit Passagieren, Kollegen und anderen Einsatzkräften zu interagieren. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sollten in der Lage sein, klar und präzise zu kommunizieren und in Konfliktsituationen deeskalierend zu wirken.
2. Selbstbeherrschung und Stressresistenz
Da Sicherheitsmitarbeiter oft mit herausfordernden und potenziell gefährlichen Situationen konfrontiert sind, ist es wichtig, über ein hohes Maß an Selbstbeherrschung und Stressresistenz zu verfügen. Sie sollten in der Lage sein, ruhig zu bleiben und rational zu handeln, auch unter Druck und bei Provokationen.
3. Teamfähigkeit
Die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Sicherheitsmitarbeitern, dem Bahnpersonal und der Bundespolizei ist unerlässlich für eine effektive Bahnsicherheit. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sollten teamorientiert sein und gut in multidisziplinären Teams arbeiten können.
4. Verantwortungsbewusstsein und Integrität
Sicherheitsmitarbeiter tragen eine große Verantwortung für die Sicherheit von Passagieren und Eigentum. Sie sollten integer und verantwortungsbewusst handeln und sich an ethische Standards halten.
5. Körperliche Fitness und Ausdauer
Die Arbeit in der Bahnsicherheit erfordert oft körperliche Anstrengung und Ausdauer, insbesondere bei ausgedehnten Kontrollgängen und häufigen Schichtdiensten. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sollten daher über eine angemessene körperliche Fitness und Belastbarkeit verfügen.
6. Fachkenntnisse, Schulungen und Erfahrung
Um die vielfältigen Aufgaben in der Bahnsicherheit effektiv ausführen zu können, ist es wichtig, über entsprechende Fachkenntnisse und Schulungen zu verfügen. In den meisten Positionen ist mindestens die Sachkundeprüfung nach § 34a GewO erforderlich. Auch eine Ausbildungen wie die zur Fachkraft für Schutz und Sicherheit ist gern gesehen und kann die Karriere voran bringen. Sicherheitsmitarbeiter sollten regelmäßig an Schulungen teilnehmen und sich über aktuelle Sicherheitsrisiken und ‑verfahren informieren. Zudem sollten wesentliche Fremdsprachenkenntnisse – zumindest in der englischen Sprache – vorhanden sein.
Wie komme ich konkret zu einem Job in der Bahnsicherheit?
Der größte Arbeitgeber in diesem Bereich ist die DB Sicherheit der Deutschen Bahn.
Wichtig ist die Sachkundeprüfung nach § 34a GewO, die man idealerweise bereits erfolgreich absolviert haben sollte. Außerdem kann die Bewerbung schneller zum Erfolg führen, wenn man neben den üblichen Bewerbungsunterlagen ein gültiges Ausweisdokument, eine Auflistung der Wohnadressen der letzten 5 Jahre sowie – wenn bereits vorhanden – seine Bewacher-ID aus dem Bewacherregister vorlegt. Im Regelfall sollte man über einen PKW-Führerschein (Klasse B) verfügen, im Schichtdienst arbeiten können, den Kontakt zu Menschen mögen, team- und kommunikationsfähig sein, die deutsche Sprache ausreichend beherrschen und idealerweise bereits erste Erfahrungen gesammelt habe. Die genauen Anforderungen findet man in der jeweiligen Job advertisement!
Bahnsicherheit 2030: Auch in Thema auf der Nürnberger Sicherheitskonferenz
Die Nürnberger Sicherheitskonferenz ist inzwischen eine feste Größe der Security-Fachmessen. Im Rahmen der 5. Nürnberger Sicherheitskonferenz mit dem Titel „SICHERHEIT 2030“, die am 10.04.2024 in der Nürnberger Meistersingerhalle stattfindet, wird Torsten Malt von der DB Sicherheit als Speaker auftreten. Sein Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Schutz der Kritischen Infrastruktur am Beispiel der S‑Bahn München. Er will aufzeigen wie Sicherheit im Konzernverbund sowie im Verbund mit den Sicherheitsbehörden funktionieren kann und welche Herausforderungen sich dabei ergeben.
Mehr dazu unter www.nuernberger-sicherheitskonferenz.de und im Podcast für Schutz und Sicherheit:
In 2019, the state and nationwide guard register was newly introduced, which is obligatory for the private security industry. In this article, you will learn what the purpose of the guard register is, who makes entries in it, what the guard ID is all about and much more that you should know as a security employee — but especially as a professional in the security industry.
Incidentally, the guard register can be found on the internet at www.bewacherregister.de
Basic information on the guard register (BWR)
The German Guarding Register is a central and digital register that contains information on guarding personnel (security staff) as well as on the guarding trade operator (security contractor) and the commercial enterprise (security company). Since July 2020, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Home Affairs (BMI) has been responsible for the law on security guards and thus also for the register of security guards. As the federal authority responsible for the operational management of the register since October 2022 is the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis):
Since the introduction of the Guarding Register (BWR), all traders in the guarding sector are obliged to register their companies and their security staff in the BWR. In future, only the authorities responsible for enforcing the guarding laws may make changes to the entries of natural persons. For this purpose, traders provide information in the BWR on the qualification, reliability, identity and accessibility of security personnel.
About 1,300 municipal public order offices and other competent authorities of the Länder check the information provided, approve or reject commercial enterprises and security personnel. In doing so, they use the BWR to access information from the Association of German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) regarding qualifications and from the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) regarding reliability.
If someone wants to work in the guarding business, they have to pass a background check. The results of this check are recorded in the guarding register. The register also contains information on professional qualifications as well as information on the identity of the registered person.
Employers in the security sector are obliged to carry out a search in the guard register before employing a security employee (guard). This is to ensure that only suitable and reliable persons are employed in the security sector.
The guard register is thus intended to contribute to improving security and quality in the security industry and to strengthening public confidence in the private security industry.
What is the guard register identification number?
The guard register identification number (in short: guard ID) is a unique identification numberwhich allows for clear identification and attribution. A guard ID is assigned when the guard is first entered into the register. The ID of a security guard is valid even if the employer changes, i.e. it always remains the same for a person — at least if one is continuously employed in the security sector without longer interruptions. Security guards, i.e. security contractors, also receive such a 7‑digit ID number.
How do I obtain a guard ID as an employee?
If you are new to the private security industry, you will receive your guard ID when you first enter the guard register. The initial registration is done by your (potential) employer. If you change security companies, you should request your guard ID directly from your previous employer. The advantage of this is that you can be released immediately because the register can be checked more quickly with the new employer. You should also find your guard ID as an indication on your service card.
Do I have to pay for the guard ID if I want to work in the private security industry?
No. In principle, the employer has to bear these costs, which arise from the (first-time) registration of the guard in the guard register. Some employers have the idea of charging these costs to the new employee or deducting them from the first salary. Such behaviour is not very serious. The situation is different, of course, if potential employees deliberately provide false information (e.g. about previous convictions): fair play for both sides!
Can I carry out all activities in the private security industry with a guard ID?
No. For certain activities you need the Examination of expertise according to § 34a GewO or additional qualifications such as weapons expertise. In addition, it may be that the competent authority attaches certain conditions to employment or prohibits employment completely, e.g. due to previous convictions.
Can I work in a security company without a guard ID?
Not in principle, but it depends on the specific activity: If you professionally guard lives or property of others, an entry in the guard register is required. Without a guard ID and clearance, you may not work for a security company as a security guard. However, there are activities that do not fall under guarding, such as pure stewarding activities or ticket validation. In this case, you are not working as a commercial security guard and do not need a guard ID.
As an employer, what do I have to pay particular attention to in the guard register?
First and foremost, it is important that all employed guards have been reported and that the Release has been carried out before they work in the security service for even the first minute. In addition, the concrete Range of application be specified and also regularly updated, e.g. if a security guard takes on more demanding tasks (e.g. as a shop detective or certain management tasks) instead of previously simple guarding tasks (e.g. in property protection), especially if for this the Examination of expertise according to § 34a Gewo required is.
A Dismissal of an employee for example, must be notified to the competent authority via the guard register no later than 7 weeks after termination of the employment relationship so that the employee can be deregistered.
Also Changes in the master data such as changes of address of employees, entrepreneurs and companies, new telephone availability, etc. must of course be reported in order to keep this information up to date.
It should also be noted that — depending on the local authority — the registration of new security staff can sometimes involve considerable waiting times during the examination of the registration up to the final release. Furthermore, every new installation for guards is a Fee to pay. This is currently usually at least 50 euros, but can also be considerably higher in some regions.
If a guard is already registered, i.e. an ID is available, this only needs to be re-linked — there are then no fees for the entrepreneur.
Incidentally, entries are currently automatically deleted after 12 months following the deregistration of security guards. This means that if an applicant registers with a guard ID and has not worked in the industry for over a year, it is very likely that the check will have to be completely redone.
To Traders is recorded: Surname, surname at birth, first name; sex; date of birth, place of birth, country; nationalities; telephone number, e‑mail address; registration address consisting of street, house number, postcode, town, addendum, country, state and regional key; places of residence in the last five years consisting of street, house number, postcode, country and state; type of identity document with issuing authority, issuing state, date of issue, identity document number, expiry date, machine-readable name if available and content of the machine-readable zone; if applicable. Further data for legal persons (e.g. legal form, registration number and registration court, business address, contact details).
To Commercial enterprise (security company), information such as the business name, legal form, type of register and further data on the entry in the register as well as the business address of the main branch and, if applicable, that of other business premises and, furthermore, additional data on accessibility such as telephone number and e‑mail address are stored.
To the Security guards (guards/security staff), the following personal data is stored: Family name, surname at birth, first names; gender; date of birth, place of birth, country of birth; nationalities; registration address consisting of street, house number, postcode, city, addendum, country, state and regional key; places of residence in the last five years consisting of street, house number, postcode, country and state; type of identification document with issuing authority, issuing state, date of issue, identification document number, expiry date, machine-readable name if available and content of the machine-readable zone.
In addition, among other things, the following is stored:
Date of granting of permission
Scope of permission
Expiry of the permit, if applicable
Indication of the activity of the guard
Prohibition of employment, if applicable
Reliability verification data (date, type and result of verification, etc.)
Indication of the contact details of the competent licensing authority
Status of the permit procedure
Data from the guard register interface to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
Data on certificates of competence and training from the chambers of commerce and industry of guards and tradespeople
Contact details of the local competent authority
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the guard register?
Of course — the maintenance of the guard register is time-consuming. However, as an electronic register, it also offers advantages that lie in the digitalisation and harmonisation of the previously analogue (paper) processes.
These are significant advantages of the guard register:
Control of qualifications: The guard register enables a systematic control of the qualifications of security guards, as they have to prove at least a qualification according to § 34a GewO in order to be registered.
Customer safetyRegistration in the guard register provides clients with a higher level of security, as they know that the security guards employed are vetted and qualified.
Protection of the public: The guard register helps to increase the security of the public by excluding persons without the required expertise and personal reliability from carrying out security activities.
TransparencyThe guard register creates transparency about the qualifications and reliability of security guards and thus ensures more trust in the industry.
Minimising abuse: Registration in the guard register reduces the misuse of security services by unqualified or unreliable persons (e.g. persons with a relevant criminal record).
Legal basis and binding force: The guard register takes up legal regulations that standardise and regulate the training and qualification of security guards.
Efficient controls: The guard register enables the competent authorities to efficiently check whether security companies and employees comply with the legal requirements.
Professional developmentRegistration in the guard register sometimes promotes the professional development of security guards, as it creates incentives for further education and training.
Credibility of the industry: The Guard Register contributes to the credibility of the security industry by underlining the professionalism and seriousness of the registered companies and employees.
Efficient exchangeFrom information: The guard register enables authorities nationwide to quickly exchange relevant information on security forces, which improves cooperation and collaboration.
These are major disadvantages of the guard register:
Administrative burden: The establishment and maintenance of the guard register requires a certain amount of bureaucracy and administrative work, both for the authorities and for the companies wishing to register themselves and their staff.
CostsRegistration in the register of guards involves costs. There are, of course, up-front costs for those who have to undergo instruction, expert examination or special training — although this was required even without BWR.
Restriction of market access: Qualification and registration requirements can make market entry difficult for potential new entrants to the security industry.
Delays: Processing registration applications and issuing guard IDs can take time, which can lead to delays in recruiting security guards.
Protection of personal data: The guard register contains sensitive information about security guards, so it is important to protect the data from misuse or unauthorised access.
Monitoring effort: In order to ensure the effectiveness of the guard register, the competent authorities must carry out regular checks and monitoring measures, which means additional work.
Exceptions and loopholes: In some cases, security forces or companies might try to circumvent the registration requirement or exploit loopholes, which could compromise the effectiveness of the registry.
Guard Register: Vision & Reality
On the introduction of the guard register on 1 January 2019, the lawyer Jörg Zitzmann analysed in the Podcast for protection and security the background. He goes into the background of the introduction of the register, explains what the guard register means for traders and security staff, who is responsible, what data is collected and how high the costs are for the examination and register entries:
Overall, it can be said that the guard register has more advantages than disadvantages. It provides transparency, can increase security and confidence in the private security industry. If a guard ID has already been assigned, both employees looking for a new job and security companies benefit from accelerated electronic processing. Nevertheless, there are also disadvantages, such as the time-consuming initial creation and verification of employees, combined with not inconsiderable costs, which are not uniform nationwide, as well as the continuous data maintenance. Loopholes are also possible — especially if actual on-site checks of the deployed security staff are rare.
The expert knowledge examination in the guarding trade according to § 34a of the Trade, Commerce and Industry Regulation Act (Gewerbeordnung) is an important prerequisite for entering the profession in this field. It is intended to ensure that applicants have the necessary knowledge to guarantee the safety of people and the protection of property. In this context, the question arises whether it makes sense to just learn all possible exam questions and answers by heart without delving deeper into the content of the exam.
Exam questions: Theory and practice
No question — learning with 34a exam questions offers many advantages. Pure memorisation of exam questions and answers is not a suitable preparation method in this context, as the exam may also include situational questions. This is especially the case in the oral part of the exam. In addition, it is important to understand the connections between different subject areas and to be able to apply them to concrete practical cases. Superficial preparation may lead to some candidates passing the exam but not being able to apply their knowledge in practice. As a rule, however, passing the exam also becomes a challenge if one only learns by heart and has not gained a real understanding of the contents.
Challenges
Furthermore, it is important not only to know the legal basics and the relevant regulations, but also to understand the psychological and communicative aspects of the profession. After all, private security guards must not only recognise and ward off dangers, but also be able to apply de-escalation techniques and deal with difficult situations. This also includes communicating effectively and resolving conflicts. Of course, it is not only the learning content that plays a role here, but above all professional experience and the passing on of experience, e.g. within the framework of a preparatory course or in exchange with experienced colleagues. Incidentally, there is a focus on the legal topics of the 34a professional qualification examination. Topics such as criminal law or civil law are Weighted twice in the written examination. One should not leave any points lying around lightly by understanding the legal matter here, not to mention the risks of legal ignorance when later working in the security service.
Understanding the contents of the examination
Exam candidates should engage intensively with the content of the exam and try to gain a deeper understanding. They should not only deal with the facts, but also with the contexts and the meaning of what they have learned. One way to do this is to talk to other people who are also preparing for the exam or are already working in the industry. Practical experience can also help to deepen understanding and apply what has been learned. Generally recommended are Books, online courses and classroom trainingThe course is designed to provide a context and not to work exclusively with test questions and solutions. Explanations based on case studies can make a significant contribution to understanding, especially legal topics.
Conclusion
In summary, it does not make sense to just memorise all possible exam questions and answers without delving deeper into the content of the exam. Instead, candidates should deal intensively with the contents of the exam and try to gain a deeper understanding. This can help them not only to pass the exam but also to be able to apply their knowledge in practice and to work successfully in the private security industry.
In the following article, I would like to suggest the various learning options, with their advantages and disadvantages, for preparing for the Sachkundeprüfung § 34a GewO — a guest article by The Safety Guru.
Frontal teaching
Classes are held in an academy, usually on a full-day basis. In a structured classroom environment, a learning situation is created for the students in which a lecturer takes on the role of a knowledge broker. The teacher can use different learning methods to facilitate the students’ learning. These may include lectures, discussions, group work, demonstrations or experiments. In class, students can also ask questions directly and receive feedback from the lecturer or classmates, which improves understanding of the learning material. Classes can also provide opportunities to foster social skills and collaboration as students work and learn together.
Online lessons
Online teaching is similar to traditional teaching, but it takes place over the internet. The lecturer uses various digital tools to facilitate the students’ learning. Examples of digital tools can be: video and audio chat, online courses, learning platforms, virtual classrooms or e‑learning modules. Online teaching can be particularly advantageous in today’s world, as it offers the possibility to continue teaching even in times of pandemics or other circumstances that affect normal teaching. Another advantage of online teaching is that students can learn from anywhere as long as they have an internet connection. And also like face-to-face classes, students can ask questions and get feedback from the instructor or classmates, which can improve their understanding of the learning material.
Self-learning with book and YouTube videos
Self-learner with book and YouTube videos are people who learn independently by obtaining information from books or videos on the internet. This form of learning is less structured and requires more discipline and initiative from the learners. Unlike classroom or online learning, self-learners have the freedom to set their own pace and choose the content of the learning material. However, there is also a risk that self-learners may have difficulty achieving their learning goals due to a lack of structure and guidance. Learners need to motivate and discipline themselves to learn continuously. It is also more difficult to ask questions and receive feedback because there is no direct contact with a teacher or other learners.
Advantages and disadvantages
Overall, all three forms of learning — face-to-face teaching, online teaching and self-learning with books and YouTube videos — have advantages and disadvantages:
Frontal teaching
Advantages:
Structured learning environment
Interaction with the lecturer and classmates
Opportunity to ask questions and receive feedback
Promoting social skills and cooperation
Disadvantages:
Possible dependence on the lecturer
Restrictions on flexibility, as lessons take place at fixed times
Not all students may be able to follow the teaching method
Online lessons
Advantages:
Flexibility, as teaching can take place from anywhere as long as an internet connection is available
Possibility to continue teaching even if there are restrictions that affect traditional teaching
Access to a variety of digital tools to enhance the learning process
Possibility to record lessons and watch them again later on
Disadvantages:
Possible limitations in interaction with the lecturer and classmates
Technical problems can affect the learning process
Possibly the learning environment is less structured than in traditional teaching
Not all students may be technically equipped or have a sufficient internet connection to participate in online classes.
Self-learning with books and YouTube videos
Advantages:
Freedom to set your own learning goal and pace
Access to a wide range of learning materials
Flexibility to shape learning according to one’s own needs and preferences
No dependence on a teacher or other learners
Disadvantages:
Possible restrictions on motivation and discipline
Possible lack of structure and guidance
Possible difficulties in clarifying questions and feedback
Possibly more difficult to promote social skills and cooperation
Summary
Overall, it is important to note that none of the learning styles are perfect and it depends on which learning style best suits the learner’s individual needs and preferences. Furthermore, the different learning styles can of course be combined with each other. Especially the possibility to use YouTube videos as a supplement for any kind of learning is very good. And here my recommendation lies on the YouTube videos of the SecurityGuru34a. These videos are clearly structured, informative, easy to understand and therefore very helpful. With the help of these videos, one can learn at one’s own pace and deepen content that was not so well conveyed in class. There is complete lessons and Sample exams with explanations of the questions and answers.
I hope that with this article I have been able to give you an understanding of the different learning methods and that you will find the right method for you.
You don’t feel like taking the exam and preparing for it, you’ve already failed the Chamber of Industry and Commerce’s expert knowledge exam several times or you just want to save time and money — all of these can be reasons why people keep looking for “buy a 34a licence”. This article explains why this is not a particularly good idea.
Can you actually buy the “34a note”?
A short Google search it shows: Yes, you can buy a piece of paper that looks like it is an official document of a chamber of commerce and industry. But be careful! If you use such fake examination certificates, you are liable to prosecution. What you are allowed to do is hang such a piece of fantasy paper in your own hallway for amusement or use it as a lighter for the next barbecue party. However, if you use such a piece of paper in legal transactions, i.e. in the context of a job application or to register your security company, you commit forgery according to Section 267 of the Criminal Code:
(1) Any person who, for the purpose of deceiving in legal transactions, produces a false document, falsifies a genuine document or uses a false or falsified document shall be liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding five years or to a monetary penalty. (2) The attempt is punishable. (3) In particularly serious cases, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of six months to ten years. […]
The providers of such dubious services also know that offering IHK examination certificates, school-leaving certificates and other certificates, including doctorates, is legally questionable. They are mainly interested in making money quickly. The providers are usually based abroad or are not available and thus avoid legal disputes. This is because sellers may also be liable to prosecution because they use trademarks and thus legally protected identifying features (e.g. the logo) of the issuing organisations. In addition, some sellers even deliberately create the impression that it is a legally issued document and at the same time advertise that one may use these fake documents in legal transactions. Thus, the sellers often also pretend false facts and thus partly also call, at least indirectly, to use the sold fake like a real document. As a buyer, you can always be prosecuted and make yourself liable to prosecution if you actually use such a fantasy document professionally.
Where can I buy the certificate of competence?
The only legal way to obtain the “certificate of successful completion of a specialist knowledge examination” (this is the correct term) is to successfully complete the IHK specialist knowledge examination. You can find many free Tips for exam preparation, Test questions and a Help forum on this website. By the way, taking the real exam can even be cheaper than some of the illegal fake certificate offers. Honesty is the best policy! Don’t get involved in fake offers with fake proofs! It’s not worth it, because you will be exposed. And for the price you then pay, you could have prepared properly for the exam and passed it quite regularly.
What does a forged certificate of competence cost?
Prices start at just under 10 euros for a personalised fake certificate for direct PDF download.
Fake 34a certificate as PDF download
This “low-cost provider” of fake proofs emphasises that you are not allowed to use the purchased documents, but for his own security he has nevertheless indicated a company headquarters in the USA. He knows why.
Possibly the tip of the iceberg is a provider offering all kinds of examination certificates and degrees — including various professional qualifications, school-leaving certificates, bachelor’s and master’s degrees from colleges, university diplomas and even doctorates. Such printed papers are available for a “ridiculous price” of several hundred euros — apparently a worthwhile business. He also promotes the offer commercially through an advertisement on Google, which appears at the top of the results page for the relevant search terms — see illustration below. This fraudulent trader even advertises that it is a legal offer and “100% genuine and registered documents, which can be checked by the university/training company, or even by your employer”. complete bullshit!
Google advertising for an “original proofLet’s talk turkey: If you buy a fake or make one yourself and print it out, you’ll be caught anyway — and then it will be really unpleasant and really expensive. You will learn why this is inevitable in the next section.
Why it’s really stupid to present a forged 34a certificate.…
Just a few years ago, one would have considered a factualunThe only way that a knowledgeable security employee could have been lucky is if the forged certificate had not been noticed during the application process, during a customs or police check or in the course of an enquiry with the examining Chamber of Industry and Commerce (IHK). But since 1 June 2019, there is the central guard register, where all data converge. Your employer must report you there before you start employment and wait for clearance. Only then will you receive a guard ID as a security guard and be allowed to start. In the course of this check and data comparison, it quickly becomes apparent if you have submitted a false document. You bear the full consequences under criminal and civil law!
You don’t speak German, but another language?
Qualified workers are currently urgently needed in many areas in Germany. One of these areas is the private security industry. To be allowed to work for a security service in Germany, you need the following for many guarding activities Examination of expert knowledge according to § 34a of the Trade Regulation Act. You are then a qualified applicant with a 34a certificate of competence and have excellent Job prospects with corresponding pay!
Information on the German 34a-Sachkundeprüfung (Security) in your language
You will find a lot of free information on the German qualification examination for security staff here in the qualification info portal. Navigate via the main menu at the very top through our Information pages, browse the current blog posts or make targeted use of the Search. If you have an individual request, you can also contact us at any time. Post your question in the help forum.
Available languages in the Subject Guide Infoportal
Normally, the system automatically detects which language you are using and sets the 34a portal to this language. The following languages are currently supported:
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You can always adjust the website language via the selection menu at the top left (flag and language code). Or simply via the button below:
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Free tests and exam questions to prepare for the expert knowledge examination (§ 34a GewO) are very useful for practising. However, tactical tips are almost as important. Because even if you don’t immediately know the answer to an exam question in the 34a test, you can pass the 34a exam with the help of a few tips & tricks.
No idea, no answer? Please don’t!
You can’t know everything. Even if you have prepared well for the 34a test with test questions, mock exams and other study material, you may simply not know what to do with some questions. Yes, you do: Even if you don’t know the answer to an exam question, you can still clear the hurdle of the expert knowledge exam!
10 simple tips on how to pass the examination of professional competence
If you take the following tips for the written IHK examination for expertise § 34a GewO into account, you can also score points for gaps in your knowledge:
It can a solution be correct, or it can two solutions be correct. Therefore, never give three or more solutions as correct!
Singular or plural? Pay attention to whether in the Questioning after one or more correct answers is asked! Example: In the case of a question that begins with “What prerequisiteen, a security guard must fulfil,…” begins, there is more than one correct solution.
Note the Context of the question (subject area)! If, for example, a question is asked about a fact in criminal law (StGB), an answer referring to civil law (BGB) cannot be correct.
Pay attention to Negative formulationsIf there is a negative in the question, so maybe the question is asking you to tick what exactly you want to tick. not applies? Then you need to rethink and choose exactly the opposite answer options!
Key terms like “never” or “never or “always” or “always should be warning signs! It is rather rare that e.g. prohibitions or permissions always or never apply, i.e. are absolute. For many things there are exceptions or certain framework conditions and no strict black and white. Such key terms in an answer indicate that it is rather wrong.
Other terms that should set alarm bells ringing are those such as “exclusively” or “without exception”. The same applies here as in the previous tip. It is not often that something applies without any exception.
In the written examination you have enough time. Take your time and read the questions in detail and, if necessary, several times. If you cannot think of the answer, put the question back. Mark the question so that you do not forget to look at it again later.
You are unsure of the correct answer to a question. Work according to the Exclusion principle and sort out the possibilities that definitely cannot be true. This often helps.
If you don’t have a clue about a question, don’t leave it unanswered. Guess if you have to! Not answering a question definitely gets you 0 points. Even if your gut tells you one or two solutions, luck may be on your side.
Finally, the most important thing: Even if this article is about “tactics tips” in the narrower sense — it’s not about tactics. prepare yourself! Timely and purposeful learning is the essential factor for passing the examination.
Insider tips
You can get many more tips on how to successfully master the 34a professional qualification examination if you read our free newsletter subscribe. Directly afterwards we will send you our 34a PDF with a total of 25 tips for the expert examination to.
Talking around it is useless. One thing is clear: The traditional security industry is a low-wage sector!
Nevertheless: the security industry offers variety, responsible, exciting and also quiet jobs. And if you’re smart, you can make ends meet. But — what do you earn as a security guard with a certificate of competence?
What matters when it comes to earnings in the security industry…
If you decide to work in the private security sector or are looking for a new employer, the financial aspects certainly play a major role. There are several factors that contribute to a good hourly wage. The most important aspects for a more attractive salary are listed below.
Level of education and training
Obviously, the better trained you are, the higher your earning potential. As an unskilled security guard only with training according to § 34a GewO, you will very often not be paid much more than the minimum wage. With the expert knowledge examination, you can achieve a good bit more basic hourly wage with manageable effort.. You can go even further with further training to become a certified protection and security worker or with training to become a specialist for protection and security. Incidentally, the minimum wage nationwide has been 12.43 euros per hour since 1 January 2023. The increase to 13 euros per hour from 1 April 2023 has already been decided.
Additional qualifications
Additional qualifications, for example in first aid or fire protection (e.g. as a fire protection assistant), are very helpful and increase the market value of security staff. These do not always have a direct effect on the hourly wage, but they are always a plus point in job applications. Additional qualifications include the following:
Fire safety helper
Evacuation helper
Lift rescue (rescue of persons from lifts)
Intervention force
NSL specialist
Safety Officer (Occupational Safety)
Hygiene/Health Officer
Basic knowledge course in radiation protection and decontamination
Weapons expertise examination
Intercultural skills and knowledge of foreign languages, especially at least basic English, should also not be underestimated.
Activity
The security industry has many facets and therefore the activities that security workers perform are also very diverse. Accordingly, there are sometimes serious wage differences. Security activities such as separate guards and simple guarding activities are often rather poorly paid. Jobs that require special skills often pay well. For example in the Aviation security, in the range Cash and valuables transport, during the activity in nuclear facilities, in which Underground and suburban railway guarding or as an NSL specialist in Emergency call and service control centres the earnings are often significantly higher than the industry average. The exact amount of the wage for the job can be found in the Collective agreements take from them. If they have been declared generally binding, which is usually the case, they apply to all employees. (It is best to add the federal state to the Google search to narrow down the results).
Working hours
Anyone who is already active in the industry and works in shifts knows it: Often, biorhythms and private life suffer from the changing working hours. However, working night shifts, Sundays and public holidays often offers decisive financial advantages. Depending on the federal state/collective agreement, the following benefits can be earned Night, Sunday and public holiday surcharges that are well worth seeing. What’s more, these tax-free! On public holidays in many places 100% Surcharge possiblei.e. in addition to the actual daily wage, you receive the same amount again — but tax-free! Viewed over the month, depending of course on the amount of night, Sunday and public holiday hours, the following can be achieved Several hundred euros on top earn. Especially around the turn of the year or at Easter, this can be a lucrative affair.
Overtime/overtime
Overtime is, of course, a partial aspect of working hours. Nevertheless, I would like to devote a separate point to this aspect here. Why? Because experience shows that a lot of overtime is worked in the security sector, often much more than is legally permissible and with too few breaks between assignments. Think carefully about whether you want to go along with this and should actually work 200, 220, 240 or even more hours per month. My tip at this point would be to invest in further education and not to trade so much time for money: Memento Mori — your lifetime is also limited. Set priorities and make a good decision for you, also for your future.
State
As in other industries, there is a West-East divide in the private security sector. In the past, these wage differences were really glaring. Security workers in Berlin earned in some areas not even half of those who worked in Bavaria. As a rule, the best-paid federal states include Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and North Rhine-Westphalia. Among the lowest paid are still the new federal states, for example Brandenburg or Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Just a few years ago, one could barely keep one’s head above water with a job as a security guard in the East German states. However, the minimum wage and the gradual convergence of collective agreements are increasingly putting the differences into perspective. In addition, one should not forget that where people earn more, they usually earn less. Cost of living (especially rents) are higher. So think carefully — if you are toying with the idea — whether a move is really worth it for you.
Industry
Many people think of security service jobs in the classic way, as the security company that as a service provider external customers. Whereas in the past, veteran employees in factories came to the plant security service towards the end of their working lives to spend the last years of their careers doing less strenuous work, the situation has changed considerably nowadays. Professional, external security service providers look after a large number of companies from business and industry or the public sector as clients. But they still exist, despite the decades-long trend towards outsourcing. The Internal plant security. Especially in industry, property and plant protection activities are when you are directly employed by the manufacturing company, very well paid. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass Sie nach dem Branchentarif bezahlt werden, dem die Masse der Belegschaft angehört. Werfen Sie einen Blick in die Rate tables for the metal and electrical industry! These monthly salaries are in a different league.
Allowances
Allowances regulated by collective agreement are usually paid for guard/shift leaders, for dog handlers or in certain facilities such as military properties. Likewise, there are often allowances for on-call duties, e.g. for (additional) work in the plant fire brigade. These range from a few cents per hour up to over 10% more pay. In Bavaria, there is also slightly more money if you work in the greater Munich area.
Security companies or their clients also sometimes pay Voluntary (revocable) allowances. Manchmal gibt es auch Einmal-Prämien für besonders erfolgreiche Einsätze oder für herausragende Arbeitsleistungen. Leider sind diese Art Zulagen aber eher die Ausnahme. Immer häufiger vorzufinden ist aber eine Wechselprämie, also so eine Art „Begrüßungsgeld“. Das allein sollte aber aber nicht unbedingt der alleinige Grund für einen Arbeitgeberwechsel sein.
Concrete numbers
You would like to know concrete figures?
If you have read the article up to this point, you will realise that this is difficult, as it can depend on a number of factors such as the federal state, the job, the working hours and their (additional) qualifications. Nevertheless, a concrete example:
Monthly salary in the separate guard service with IHK specialist knowledge examination in 2023 in Bavaria:
14,00 Euro per hour
180 hours per month
thereof
12h holiday
16h Sunday
60h night
This results in approx. 2520 euros of taxable income (gross) and just under 420 euros of tax-free supplements.With income tax class 1 and no children, a single person thus receives approx. 2170 Euro net transferred. However, this calculation is for illustrative purposes only. Your actual salary paid out may depend on numerous factors!
Hint: This article was last updated in February 2023. As there are regular adjustments to both the minimum wage and collective agreement regulations, the framework conditions may have changed in the meantime! (All information without guarantee.)
Only security staff require a competence examination, which is special guarding activities according to § 34a GewO or wish to set up their own security company. The activities that may only be carried out with the 34a licence include, in particular, guarding in public areas, at admission areas or in various security activities in a managerial position: More here.
However, even if you want to carry out an activity for which the successful passing of a certificate of competence examination is actually mandatory, there are certain exceptions. Not all persons need the certificate of competence, even if they carry out regulated guarding activities or are self-employed as a security contractor with their own security company.
Who is exempt from the 34a examination…
Basically applies: Anyone who has completed a higher-level training or further training with a recognised (IHK) qualification in the security industry does not need an additional certificate of competence!
But be careful! There are a few more pitfalls. Here are the details on the exemption from the expert knowledge examination:
A person is exempt from the expert knowledge examination if he…
certified plant security specialist (WSFK) or as a certified protection and security worker (GSSK),
as a service worker for protection and security (SSS) or as a specialist for protection and security (FSS),
as a certified master craftsman for protection and security or as a certified master craftswoman for protection and security (MSS),
as a certified plant security foreman or forewoman,
…has successfully passed the corresponding final examination. Proof of this can be provided by presenting the respective examination certificate.
I have successfully completed the so-called “plant security courses”. Is this the same as the examination for expert knowledge?
No! The factory security courses (factory security course 1–2 or 1–4) are — without successfully passing the examination to become a factory security specialist — not equivalent! You need the expert examination. In addition, the IHK works protection specialist examination is no longer offered.
I was in the armed forces. Do I still have to take the examination?
Basically already. Caution is advised here: As a person doing basic military service, a temporary soldier or a professional soldier, you have to take the expert knowledge examination — regardless of whether you are currently obliged to be a soldier or not — if you (additionally) want to work in the private security sector and perform the corresponding guarding tasks. The only exception is for military police, i.e. the military police of the German Armed Forces. Military police officers are exempt from the expert knowledge examination, as military police officers have acquired a large part of the knowledge required in the expert knowledge examination during their training courses. Military police officers or sergeants, for example, do not need to take a Chamber of Industry and Commerce (IHK) examination; the proof is provided by the Bundeswehr’s training or service record. All other soldiers must acquire the 34a certificate.
Do I need a certificate of competence as a police officer?
There are exceptions both for police officers at state level (Land police) and at federal level (Bundespolizei). By the way, the same applies to employees in the correctional service and to the weapons-carrying area of the customs service. It is important to note that the obligation to take the examination is only waived if you work in law enforcement and have successfully completed the corresponding career examination — at least for the intermediate service. Police officers who work as civil servants in the police enforcement service therefore do not need a certificate of competence. Many police officers earn extra money privately, e.g. as doormen. Especially in conurbations where life is expensive, such as Munich, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Berlin or Düsseldorf, a part-time job in a security company is a good way to earn extra money. Tip on the side: Make sure that you inform your (main) employer about your side job and ideally have it approved in writing.
I studied law, have an LL.B. or a state law degree. Do I really still need to take the expert knowledge examination?
It’s hard to believe: but of course, a (part-time) job in the security industry can also be interesting for prospective lawyers, be it to finance their studies or to gain impressions of the industry. Of course: In the field of law (public safety and order, trade law, data protection law, criminal law and criminal procedure law, civil code, code of criminal procedure, etc.) law graduates are already fit. That’s why you only need to catch up on the topics of accident prevention in the security industry (UVV, DGUV regulation 23), dealing with people and the basics of security technology. A certificate of participation in the IHK instruction procedure serves as proof of this. Together with a certificate of successful completion of a law degree at a university or academy that awards a degree equivalent to a university degree, no additional completion of the expert knowledge examination pursuant to §34a GewO is required.
I have been working as a security guard for many years. Is work experience not enough recognition?
No, not normally! However, there are certain transitional arrangements for “veteran” security workers. Employees in the private security sector who have participated in the required training since 1 April 1996 or who were already working in the security sector before 31 March 1996 and were previously exempt from training due to this cut-off date regulation are, so to speak, “grandfathered”. Attention: This exemption may only be invoked if it can be shown that the guarding activity was uninterrupted for at least three years before the cut-off date of 1 January 2003. For all others who have only been active in the security industry since 2003, such exemptions do not apply. So it is complicated! My tip: It is better to invest in taking the qualification examination and benefit from a “knowledge update” even as an experienced security employee!
Attention: Special cases!
There are some other special cases, such as the possible recognition of foreign certificates of competence. It is also not always clear whether the type of activity to be performed requires a qualification examination at all. If it is a matter of simple stewarding activities (e.g. car park ushers) or simply checking and tearing off admission tickets, there is usually no need for an expert knowledge examination, and in some cases not even the instruction according to § 34a GewO. However, borderline cases such as supervision or security services in museums or certain constellations of activities in event protection are sometimes controversial. (Such borderline cases are discussed again in separate articles here on the Infoportal). An important note: To be on the safe side, ask the Chamber of Industry and Commerce (IHK) and the competent authority whether your qualification is sufficient or whether you also have to take the IHK examination according to § 34a GewO. You will then receive legally secure, personal information. If you are new to private security, you are then allowed to carry out the corresponding activities after your reliability has been checked and you have been assigned the guard ID!
The expert knowledge examination according to § 34a of the Trade, Commerce and Industry Regulation Act is an entry-level qualification for employees in the private security industry. It serves as proof of basic knowledge, especially with regard to fundamental legal aspects relevant to working in the guard and security service. In addition, the successfully passed expert knowledge examination with proof from the Chamber of Industry and Commerce is a prerequisite for carrying out special guarding tasks and being allowed to become self-employed as a security contractor.
A certificate of competence is required for the following activities
As a security guard (employee), you need proof that you have successfully passed an examination of competence at the Chamber of Industry and Commerce (IHK) (according to § 34a GewO) if you provide security in the entrance area of discotheques in the hospitality industry (bouncers), patrols in public traffic areas (e.g. city patrols), patrols in areas with actual public traffic, activities to protect against shoplifters (department store or store detectives). (e.g. city patrols), patrols in areas of the premises with actual public traffic, activities to protect against shoplifters (shop detectives), guarding of asylum and refugee accommodation (only in a managerial capacity) as well as guarding of large events with protected access (only in a managerial capacity).
The purpose of the expert knowledge examination
Why there is the expert knowledge examination has several reasons. When private individuals — including employees of security companies — guard other people’s lives or property, this entails special duties and a great responsibility. As a security guard, you have to know your rights and the legal limits, i.e. what is allowed and what is forbidden. On the other hand, due to their position as guarantor, they are obliged to prevent damage to the client. In contrast to the police, you do not have any special powers and must therefore be able to weigh up exactly to what extent you are allowed to interfere with the rights of third parties in a particular situation. If you go too far, you run the risk of being charged with offences such as deprivation of liberty or bodily harm. If you sleep on duty and do not comply with your duty to protect, you can also end up in court for committing an offence by omission if you cause harm. For these reasons, among others — listed here as examples — it is important to acquire the specialised knowledge in order to later have the necessary confidence to act in the guarding business.
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